AI-driven fitness solutions: Utilizing biosensors for personalized training plans and optimal athletic results
Abstract
Integrating artificial intelligence and advanced biosensor technologies represents a transformative paradigm in athletic performance optimization. This research explores the revolutionary potential of AI-driven fitness solutions to redesign training methodologies across professional and amateur sports disciplines fundamentally. These technologies offer unprecedented capabilities for personalized, data-driven athletic development by addressing critical limitations in traditional performance tracking. The study examines comprehensive approaches to physiological monitoring, performance prediction, and individualized training interventions enabled by advanced machine learning algorithms and sophisticated biosensor technologies. Key innovations include real-time physiological data collection, predictive performance analytics, and adaptive training strategies that maximize individual athletic potential while minimizing injury risks.
References
1. Ahsan Ashraf, Areebul Haq, Kantesh Kumar, Alam MM, Talha Shahid. Ai fitness trainer 2024. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29212.30089.
2. Musat CL, Mereuta C, Nechita A, Tutunaru D, Voipan AE, Voipan D, et al. Diagnostic Applications of AI in Sports: A Comprehensive Review of Injury Risk Prediction Methods. Diagnostics 2024;14:2516. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14222516.
3. Aldoseri A, Al-Khalifa KN, Hamouda AM. Re-Thinking Data Strategy and Integration for Artificial Intelligence: Concepts, Opportunities, and Challenges. Applied Sciences 2023;13:7082. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13127082.
4. Aljohani A. Predictive Analytics and Machine Learning for Real-Time Supply Chain Risk Mitigation and Agility. Sustainability 2023;15:15088. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015088.
5. Alsareii SA, Awais M, Alamri AM, AlAsmari MY, Irfan M, Aslam N, et al. Physical Activity Monitoring and Classification Using Machine Learning Techniques. Life 2022;12:1103. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12081103.
6. Anyadike-Danes K, Donath L, Kiely J. Coaches’ Perceptions of Factors Driving Training Adaptation: An International Survey. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.z) 2023;53:2505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01894-1.
7. Parupelli SK, Desai S. The 3D Printing of Nanocomposites for Wearable Biosensors: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Prospects. Bioengineering 2023;11:32. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11010032.
8. Rabbani A, Kargarfard M, Twist C. Fitness Monitoring in Elite Soccer Players: Group vs. Individual Analyses. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2020;34:3250–7. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002700.
9. Borresen J, Lambert MI. The Quantification of Training Load, the Training Response and the Effect on Performance. Sports Med 2009;39:779–95. https://doi.org/10.2165/11317780-000000000-00000.
10. Boahin P, Hofman WHA. Perceived effects of competency-based training on the acquisition of professional skills. International Journal of Educational Development 2014;36:81–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2013.11.003.
11. Madzar T, Masina T, Zaja R, Kastelan S, Cvetkovic JP, Brborovic H, et al. Overtraining Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Bone Stress Injuries among Paralympic Athletes. Medicina 2023;60:52. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010052.
12. Jones CM, Griffiths PC, Mellalieu SD. Training Load and Fatigue Marker Associations with Injury and Illness: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.z) 2016;47:943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0619-5.
13. Lah L, Kljajić Borštnar M. Use of Advanced Technologies for Personalized Training in Fitness. Green and Digital Transition – Challenge or Opportunity, University of Maribor Press; 2024, p. 471–84. https://doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.3.2024.35.
14. Schenk M, Miltenberger R. A review of behavioral interventions to enhance sports performance. Behavioral Interventions 2019;34:248–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1659.
15. Furrer R, Hawley JA, Handschin C. The molecular athlete: exercise physiology from mechanisms to medals. Physiological Reviews 2023;103:1693. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00017.2022.
16. Villaseca-Vicuña R, Molina-Sotomayor E, Zabaloy S, Gonzalez-Jurado JA. Anthropometric Profile and Physical Fitness Performance Comparison by Game Position in the Chile Women’s Senior National Football Team. Applied Sciences 2021;11:2004. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052004.
17. Tiasakul S, Abdulzaher R, Bazan C. Accessibility of Entrepreneurship Training Programs for Individuals with Disabilities: A Literature Review. Administrative Sciences 2024;14:187. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14080187.
18. Wahab SA, Zakaria S. Knowledge Transfer Strategies in Sports Organizations. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 2018;7:799–812.
19. Ha N, Xu K, Ren G, Mitchell A, Ou JZ. Machine Learning‐Enabled Smart Sensor Systems. Advanced Intelligent Systems 2020;2:2000063. https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000063.
20. Serrano LP, Maita KC, Avila FR, Torres-Guzman RA, Garcia JP, Eldaly AS, et al. Benefits and Challenges of Remote Patient Monitoring as Perceived by Health Care Practitioners: A Systematic Review. The Permanente Journal 2023;27:100. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/23.022.
21. Flood A, Keegan RJ. Cognitive Resilience to Psychological Stress in Military Personnel. Frontiers in Psychology 2022;13:809003. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.809003.
22. Brognara L, Mazzotti A, Rossi F, Lamia F, Artioli E, Faldini C, et al. Using Wearable Inertial Sensors to Monitor Effectiveness of Different Types of Customized Orthoses during CrossFit® Training. Sensors 2023;23:1636. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031636.
23. Yang L, Amin O, Shihada B. Intelligent Wearable Systems: Opportunities and Challenges in Health and Sports. ACM Comput Surv 2024;56:190:1-190:42. https://doi.org/10.1145/3648469.
24. Bautista Villalpando LE, April A, Abran A. Performance analysis model for big data applications in cloud computing. Journal of Cloud Computing 2014;3:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-014-0019-z.
25. Shei R-J, Holder IG, Oumsang AS, Paris BA, Paris HL. Wearable activity trackers–advanced technology or advanced marketing? European Journal of Applied Physiology 2022;122:1975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04951-1.
26. Ngo C, Munoz C, Lueken M, Hülkenberg A, Bollheimer C, Briko A, et al. A Wearable, Multi-Frequency Device to Measure Muscle Activity Combining Simultaneous Electromyography and Electrical Impedance Myography. Sensors 2022;22:1941. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051941.
27. Vo D-K, Trinh KTL. Advances in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare: Current Trends, Applications, and Future Perspectives. Biosensors 2024;14:560. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14110560.
28. Theofilidis G, Bogdanis GC, Koutedakis Y, Karatzaferi C. Monitoring Exercise-Induced Muscle Fatigue and Adaptations: Making Sense of Popular or Emerging Indices and Biomarkers. Sports 2018;6:153. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6040153.
29. Xing Z, Hui J, Lin B, Wu Z, Mao H. Recent Advances in Wearable Sensors for the Monitoring of Sweat: A Comprehensive Tendency Summary. Chemosensors 2023;11:470. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090470.
30. Naresh Varnakavi, Lee N. A Review on Biosensors and Recent Development of Nanostructured Materials-Enabled Biosensors. Sensors 2021;21:1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041109.
31. Luo H, Gao B. Development of smart wearable sensors for life healthcare. Engineered Regeneration 2021;2:163–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engreg.2021.10.001.
32. Montalvo S, Martinez A, Arias S, Lozano A, Gonzalez MP, Dietze-Hermosa MS, et al. Commercial Smart Watches and Heart Rate Monitors: A Concurrent Validity Analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2023;37:1802–8. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004482.
33. Yogev D, Goldberg T, Arami A, Tejman-Yarden S, Winkler TE, Maoz BM. Current state of the art and future directions for implantable sensors in medical technology: Clinical needs and engineering challenges. APL Bioengineering 2023;7:031506. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0152290.
34. Tang C, Liu Z, Li L. Mechanical Sensors for Cardiovascular Monitoring: From Battery-Powered to Self-Powered. Biosensors 2022;12:651. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12080651.
35. Li S, Zhang B, Fei P, Shakeel PM, Samuel RDJ. WITHDRAWN: Computational efficient wearable sensor network health monitoring system for sports athletics using IoT. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2020:101541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101541.
36. Martinek R, Ladrova M, Sidikova M, Jaros R, Behbehani K, Kahankova R, et al. Advanced Bioelectrical Signal Processing Methods: Past, Present and Future Approach—Part I: Cardiac Signals. Sensors 2021;21:5186. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155186.
37. Xu Z, Hao Y, Luo A, Jiang Y. Technologies and applications in wireless biosensors for real-time health monitoring. Med-X 2024;2:24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44258-024-00041-3.
38. Varnosfaderani SM, Forouzanfar M. The Role of AI in Hospitals and Clinics: Transforming Healthcare in the 21st Century. Bioengineering 2024;11:337. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11040337.
39. Zhu P, Sun F. Sports Athletes’ Performance Prediction Model Based on Machine Learning Algorithm. In: Abawajy JH, Choo K-KR, Islam R, Xu Z, Atiquzzaman M, editors. International Conference on Applications and Techniques in Cyber Intelligence ATCI 2019, Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020, p. 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25128-4_62.
40. Omarov B, Nurmash N, Doskarayev B, Zhilisbaev N, Dairabayev M, Orazov S, et al. A Novel Deep Neural Network to Analyze and Monitoring the Physical Training Relation to Sports Activities. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (IJACSA) 2023;14. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2023.0140977.
41. Apostolou K, Tjortjis C. Sports Analytics algorithms for performance prediction. 2019 10th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications (IISA), 2019, p. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/IISA.2019.8900754.
42. Jui TD, Rivas P. Fairness issues, current approaches, and challenges in machine learning models. Int J Mach Learn & Cyber 2024;15:3095–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-023-02083-2.
43. Ma S. Integrating sports education with data analysis and computer technology: A new paradigm for enhanced athletic performance. Applied and Computational Engineering 2024;57:178–83. https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/57/20241330.
44. Slowik A, Kwasnicka H. Evolutionary algorithms and their applications to engineering problems. Neural Comput & Applic 2020;32:12363–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-04832-8.
45. Sun T, He X, Li Z. Digital twin in healthcare: Recent updates and challenges. Digital Health 2023;9:20552076221149651. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076221149651.
46. Gual-Montolio P, Jaén I, Martínez-Borba V, Castilla D, Suso-Ribera C. Using Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Ongoing Psychological Interventions for Emotional Problems in Real- or Close to Real-Time: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022;19:7737. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137737.
47. Flynn CD, Chang D. Artificial Intelligence in Point-of-Care Biosensing: Challenges and Opportunities. Diagnostics 2024;14:1100. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14111100.
48. Bellfield RAA, Ortega-Martorell S, Lip GYH, Oxborough D, Olier I. The Athlete’s Heart and Machine Learning: A Review of Current Implementations and Gaps for Future Research. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 2022;9:382. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9110382.
49. Umer MJ, Sharif MI. A Comprehensive Survey on Quantum Machine Learning and Possible Applications. International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications (IJEHMC) 2022;13:1–17. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEHMC.315730.
50. Davis J, Bransen L, Devos L, Jaspers A, Meert W, Robberechts P, et al. Methodology and evaluation in sports analytics: challenges, approaches, and lessons learned. Mach Learn 2024;113:6977–7010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06585-0.
51. Stetter BJ, Stein T. Machine Learning in Biomechanics: Enhancing Human Movement Analysis. In: Dindorf C, Bartaguiz E, Gassmann F, Fröhlich M, editors. Artificial Intelligence in Sports, Movement, and Health, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland; 2024, p. 139–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67256-9_9.
52. Lu G. Prediction Model and Data Simulation of Sports Performance Based on the Artificial Intelligence Algorithm. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022;2022:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7238789.
53. Ansumana F Jadama, Modou K Toray. Ensemble Learning: Methods, Techniques, Application 2024. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28017.08802.
54. Pickering C, Kiely J. The Development of a Personalised Training Framework: Implementation of Emerging Technologies for Performance. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 2019;4:25. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk4020025.
55. Jin N, Zhan X. Big data analytics for image processing and computer vision technologies in sports health management. THC 2024;32:3167–87. https://doi.org/10.3233/THC-231875.
56. Gálvez A, Iglesias A, Puig-Pey J. Iterative two-step genetic-algorithm-based method for efficient polynomial B-spline surface reconstruction. Information Sciences 2012;182:56–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2010.09.031.
57. Beard DA, Bassingthwaighte JB, Greene AS. Computational modeling of physiological systems. Physiological Genomics 2005;23:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00117.2005.
58. Meyer F, Falbriard M, Mariani B, Aminian K, Millet GP. Continuous Analysis of Marathon Running Using Inertial Sensors: Hitting Two Walls? Int J Sports Med 2021;42:1182–90. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1432-2336.
59. Walch K. How AI Is Revolutionizing Professional Sports. Forbes n.d. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenwalch/2024/08/16/how-ai-is-revolutionizing-professional-sports/ (accessed November 29, 2024).
60. Weakley J, Black G, McLaren S, Scantlebury S, Suchomel TJ, McMahon E, et al. Testing and Profiling Athletes: Recommendations for Test Selection, Implementation, and Maximizing Information. Strength & Conditioning Journal 2024;46:159–79. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000784.
Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s)
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright on all articles published in this journal is retained by the author(s), while the author(s) grant the publisher as the original publisher to publish the article.
Articles published in this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which means they can be shared, adapted and distributed provided that the original published version is cited.