Preparation of a flexible glucose electrochemical sensor and its detection in elderly diabetic patients
Abstract
The study proposes a diabetes detection scheme based on a novel flexible glucose electrochemical sensor for the current situation of diabetes management in China, especially for the elderly diabetic population. The sensor is fabricated using optimized conductive materials and diluents with set printing parameters. It mainly realizes non-invasive monitoring of human blood glucose by detecting human sweat, thus effectively detecting elderly diabetic patients. Simulation experiments showed that the sensor had a detection limit of 7.33 μM (S/N = 3) and a high sensitivity of 23.5 μA mm−2 for simulated sweat, demonstrating good stability and durability. Moreover, in the actual in vitro detection experiments, the sensor detected elderly diabetic patients with an accuracy of more than 98.3%. In addition, the response time of the sensor was very short, only 10.5 s to complete a detection, which was suitable for elderly patients. The above illustrated that the flexible glucose electrochemical sensor prepared in the research had certain feasibility and accuracy in the blood glucose monitoring of elderly diabetic patients. The research results not only provide theoretical basis and technical support for the preparation of flexible glucose electrochemical sensors, but also provide new ideas and methods for blood glucose monitoring and treatment of elderly diabetic patients.
References
1. Hina A, Saadeh W. Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring systems using near-infrared technology—A review. Sensors. 2022; 22(13): 4855. doi: 10.3390/s22134855
2. Sempionatto JR, Moon JM, Wang J. Touch-based fingertip blood-free reliable glucose monitoring: Personalized data processing for predicting blood glucose concentrations. ACS Sensors. 2021; 6(5): 1875–1883. doi: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00139
3. Strategies to Enhance New CGM Use in Early Childhood (SENCE) Study Group. A randomized clinical trial assessing continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use with standardized education with or without a family behavioral intervention compared with fingerstick blood glucose monitoring in very young children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2021; 44(2): 464–472.
4. Simonson GD, Holt EH, Grady M, et al. Unleashing the potential of blood glucose monitoring data with the ambulatory glucose profile report. Clinical Diabetes. 2024; 42(4): 550–560. doi: 10.2337/cd23-0092
5. Zafar H, Channa A, Jeoti V, Stojanović GM. comprehensive review on wearable sweat-glucose sensors for continuous glucose monitoring. Sensors. 2022; 22(2): 638. doi: 10.3390/s22020638
6. Saha T, Del Caño R, Mahato K, et al. Wearable electrochemical glucose sensors in diabetes management: A comprehensive review. Chemical Reviews. 2023; 123(12): 7854–7889. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00078
7. Radhakrishnan S, Lakshmy S, Santhosh S, et al. Recent developments and future perspective on electrochemical glucose sensors based on 2D materials. Biosensors. 2022; 12(7): 467. doi: 10.3390/bios12070467
8. Sousa AF, Patrício R, Terzopoulou Z, et al. Recommendations for replacing PET on packaging, fiber, and film materials with biobased counterparts. Green Chemistry. 2021; 23(22): 8795–8820. doi: 10.1039/d1gc02082j
9. Zhang L, Zhang C, Tan Z, et al. Research progress of microtransfer printing technology for flexible electronic integrated manufacturing. Micromachines. 2021; 12(11): 1358. doi: 10.3390/mi12111358
10. Jin D, Li Z, Wang Z. Hierarchical NiCo2O4 and NiCo2S4 nanomaterials as electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation reaction. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2021; 46(63): 32069–32080. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.226
11. Cheng JP, Wang BQ, Gong SH, et al. Conformal coatings of NiCo2O4 nanoparticles and nanosheets on carbon nanotubes for supercapacitor electrodes. Ceramics International. 2021; 47(23): 32727–32735. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.08.169
12. Ural N. The significance of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis on the microstructure of improved clay: An overview. Open Geosciences. 2021; 13(1): 197–218. doi: 10.1515/geo-2020-0145
13. Bernal Ayala AC, Rowe AK, Arena LE, et al. Exploring non-soluble particles in hailstones through innovative confocal laser and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2024; 17(18): 5561–5579. doi: 10.5194/amt-17-5561-2024
14. Lazanas ACh, Prodromidis MI. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy—A tutorial. ACS Measurement Science Au. 2023; 3(3): 162–193. doi: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00070
15. Wang HW, Bringans C, Hickey AJR, et al. Cyclic voltammetry in biological samples: A systematic review of methods and techniques applicable to clinical settings. Signals. 2021; 2(1): 138–158. doi: 10.3390/signals2010012
Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright on all articles published in this journal is retained by the author(s), while the author(s) grant the publisher as the original publisher to publish the article.
Articles published in this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which means they can be shared, adapted and distributed provided that the original published version is cited.