Influence of dynamic monitoring of blood routine indexes on ECG characteristics of elderly patients with diabetes and the application of sensor technology
Abstract
To provide a more efficient and real-time blood routine monitoring method for elderly patients with diabetes, and to explore the correlation between blood routine indexes and Electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristics. A real-time blood routine detection device based on electrochemical sensor was designed, and a portable instrument based on optical sensor was developed to monitor trace biomarkers in blood using a labeled electrochemical biogold nanoparticle sensor. The results show that the sensor can monitor bilirubin level in real time, and the correlation coefficient with blood routine results is 0.95, so that the clinical monitoring time is shortened from 2 h to 30 min. The detection limit of white blood cell count was 0.85 × 109/L, and the data collection rate was 50 times/s, which improved the detection accuracy by 15.8% compared with the traditional laboratory method. In addition, the study revealed the mechanism of potential influence of changes in blood routine indicators on ECG characteristics. The monitoring device in this study can reduce the cost, improve the efficiency, and provide a precise and convenient clinical application scheme for the health management of elderly diabetes patients.
References
1. Ortiz-Martínez M, González-González M, Martagón AJ, et al. Recent Developments in Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Screening of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Current Diabetes Reports. 2022; 22(3): 95-115. doi: 10.1007/s11892-022-01453-4
2. Renard E, Riveline J, Hanaire H, et al. Reduction of clinically important low glucose excursions with a long‐term implantable continuous glucose monitoring system in adults with type 1 diabetes prone to hypoglycaemia: the France Adoption Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2022; 24(5): 859-867. doi: 10.1111/dom.14644
3. Saha T, Del Caño R, Mahato K, et al. Wearable Electrochemical Glucose Sensors in Diabetes Management: A Comprehensive Review. Chemical Reviews. 2023; 123(12): 7854-7889. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00078
4. Gubitosi-Klug RA, Braffett BH, Bebu I, et al. Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes With 35 Years Duration From the DCCT/EDIC Study. Diabetes Care. 2022; 45(3): 659-665. doi: 10.2337/dc21-0629
5. Sani MH, Khosroabadi S. A Novel Design and Analysis of High-Sensitivity Biosensor Based on Nano-Cavity for Detection of Blood Component, Diabetes, Cancer and Glucose Concentration. IEEE Sensors Journal. 2020; 20(13): 7161-7168. doi: 10.1109/jsen.2020.2964114
6. Marigliano M, Piona C, Mancioppi V, et al. Glucose sensor with predictive alarm for hypoglycaemia: Improved glycaemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2024; 26(4): 1314-1320. doi: 10.1111/dom.15432
7. Levy CJ, Kudva YC, Ozaslan B, et al. At-Home Use of a Pregnancy-Specific Zone-MPC Closed-Loop System for Pregnancies Complicated by Type 1 Diabetes: A Single-Arm, Observational Multicenter Study. Diabetes Care. 2023; 46(7): 1425-1431. doi: 10.2337/dc23-0173
8. Lazar MA, Magnuson MA, Kaestner KH. Franz Matschinsky, MD (1931–2022): Paragon of Scientific Rigor and Curiosity Who Discovered Glucokinase as the Pancreatic Glucose Sensor. Diabetes. 2022; 71(10): 2078-2083. doi: 10.2337/dbi22-0017
9. Schiavon M, Galderisi A, Basu A, et al. A New Index of Insulin Sensitivity from Glucose Sensor and Insulin Pump Data: In Silico and In Vivo Validation in Youths with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2023; 25(4): 270-278. doi: 10.1089/dia.2022.0397
10. Riahi Y, Kogot-Levin A, Kadosh L, et al. Hyperglucagonaemia in diabetes: altered amino acid metabolism triggers mTORC1 activation, which drives glucagon production. Diabetologia. 2023; 66(10): 1925-1942. doi: 10.1007/s00125-023-05967-8
11. Nagarajan A, Sethuraman V, Sasikumar R. Non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of creatinine based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with a Pd/Cu2O decorated polypyrrole (PPy) nanocomposite: an analytical approach. Analytical Methods. 2023; 15(11): 1410-1421. doi: 10.1039/d3ay00110e
12. Sherr JL, Heinemann L, Fleming GA, et al. Automated Insulin Delivery: Benefits, Challenges, and Recommendations. A Consensus Report of the Joint Diabetes Technology Working Group of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2022; 45(12): 3058-3074. doi: 10.2337/dci22-0018
13. Matejko B, Juza A, Kieć-Wilk B, et al. One-Year Follow-Up of Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Previously Naive to Diabetes Technology: The Effect of Switching to a Calibration-Free Sensor. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2023; 25(8): 554-558. doi: 10.1089/dia.2023.0059
14. Seget S, Rusak E, Polanska J, et al. Prospective Open-Label, Single-Arm, Single-Center Follow-Up Study of the Application of the Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop System in Well-Controlled Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2022; 24(11): 824-831. doi: 10.1089/dia.2022.0148
15. Kong YW, Venkatesh N, Paldus B, et al. Upload and Review of Insulin Pump and Glucose Sensor Data by Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Clinic Audit. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2022; 24(7): 531-534. doi: 10.1089/dia.2021.0558
16. Lekshmi MS, & Suja KJ. Enhanced acetone detection using ZnS-NiO heterojunction sensor for diabetes detection. Ceramics International. 2024; 50(13): 23577-23585. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.04.080
17. Knies M, Teske E, Kooistra H. Evaluation of the FreeStyle Libre, a flash glucose monitoring system, in client-owned cats with diabetes mellitus. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2022; 24(8): e223-e231. doi: 10.1177/1098612x221104051
18. Korgaonkar J, Tarman AY, Ceylan Koydemir H, et al. Periodontal disease and emerging point-of-care technologies for its diagnosis. Lab on a Chip. 2024; 24(14): 3326-3346. doi: 10.1039/d4lc00295d
19. Sun WH, Ye B. Fresh hetero-metallic compound as luminescent sensor for detection of CS2 and inhibitory activity on children diabetes. Journal of Fluorescence. 2022; 32(4): 1435-1441. doi: 10.1007/s10895-022-02943-0
20. Khoshbin Z, Shakour N, Iranshahi M, et al. Aptamer-based Biosensors: Promising Sensing Technology for Diabetes Diagnosis in Biological Fluids. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2023; 30(30): 3441-3471. doi: 10.2174/0929867329666220829150118
Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright on all articles published in this journal is retained by the author(s), while the author(s) grant the publisher as the original publisher to publish the article.
Articles published in this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which means they can be shared, adapted and distributed provided that the original published version is cited.