The effect of peer support on student behavioral norms in a biomechanical model
Abstract
In order to explore the mechanism of peer support in students’ behavioral norms, this paper constructs a theoretical framework based on the biomechanical model, and verifies the relationship between variables through empirical data, uses structural equation modeling to analyze the direct and indirect effects of peer support on behavioral norms, and at the same time, explores the moderating effect of behavioral inertia and the mediating effect of rule awareness. The results show that peer support can significantly improve behavioral norms through social adaptation and task completion, and behavioral inertia has a significant moderating effect on path strength. The model has good fit and explanatory power, which provides a theoretical basis for optimizing behavioral regulation strategies in educational practice.
References
1. Gupta S, Chanda A. Biomechanical modeling of footwear-fluid-floor interaction during slips. Journal of Biomechanics. 2023; 156: 111690. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111690
2. Wang H, Swore J, Sharma S, et al. A complete biomechanical model of Hydra contractile behaviors, from neural drive to muscle to movement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2023; 120(11). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2210439120
3. Knudson D. A tale of two instructional experiences: student engagement in active learning and emergency remote learning of biomechanics. Sports Biomechanics. 2020; 22(11): 1485-1495. doi: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1810306
4. Rauter US, Mathye D. Peer support as pressure ulcer prevention strategy in special school learners with paraplegia. South African Journal of Physiotherapy. 2024; 80(1). doi: 10.4102/sajp.v80i1.2047
5. Lee CH, Liu Y, Moore M, et al. Enhancement of Stay-at-Home Learning for the Biomechanics Laboratory Course During COVID-19 Pandemic. Biomedical Engineering Education. 2020; 1(1): 149-154. doi: 10.1007/s43683-020-00025-w
6. Liu Y, Zhu T. Individualized New Teaching Mode for Sports Biomechanics based on Big Data. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET). 2020; 15(20): 130. doi: 10.3991/ijet.v15i20.17401
7. Ahmed M, Muldoon TJ, Elsaadany M. Employing Faculty, Peer Mentoring and Coaching to Increase the Self-Confidence and Belongingness of First-Generation College Students in Biomedical Engineering. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 2021. doi: 10.1115/1.4051844
8. Burks GR, Hebert LC, Amos JR. Creating a Virtual Biomechanics Camp that Emphasizes Socially Derived Learning Communities. Biomedical Engineering Education. 2020; 1(1): 49-53. doi: 10.1007/s43683-020-00007-y
9. Aboagye RG, Seidu AA, Hagan JE, et al. A multi-country analysis of the prevalence and factors associated with bullying victimisation among in-school adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from the global school-based health survey. BMC Psychiatry. 2021; 21(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03337-5
10. Premo J, Wyatt BN, Horn M, et al. Which Group Dynamics Matter: Social Predictors of Student Achievement in Team-Based Undergraduate Science Classrooms. CBE—Life Sciences Education. 2022; 21(3). doi: 10.1187/cbe.21-06-0164
11. Silva R, Farias C, Mesquita I. Challenges faced by preservice and novice teachers in implementing student-centred models: A systematic review. European Physical Education Review. 2021; 27(4): 798-816. doi: 10.1177/1356336x21995216
12. Ochia R. A Hybrid Teaching Method for Undergraduate Biomechanics Lab. Biomedical Engineering Education. 2020; 1(1): 187-193. doi: 10.1007/s43683-020-00033-w
13. Jiao C. A mental health monitoring system based on intelligent algorithms and biosensors: Algorithm behaviour analysis and intervention strategies. Molecular & Cellular Biomechanics. 2024; 21(1): 357. doi: 10.62617/mcb.v21i1.357
14. McClean ZJ, Pasanen K, Lun V, et al. A Biopsychosocial Model for Understanding Training Load, Fatigue, and Musculoskeletal Sport Injury in University Athletes: A Scoping Review. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2024; 38(6): 1177-1188. doi: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004789
15. Faozi F, Dlis F, Samsudin S, et al. Cooperative Learning Vs Direct Teaching in Basketball: Effects on Junior High School Students Basic Techniques. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences. 2023. doi: 10.33438/ijdshs.1371249
16. Potop V, Mihailescu LE, Mahaila I, et al. Applied biomechanics within the Kinesiology discipline in higher education. Physical Education of Students. 2024; 28(2): 106-119. doi: 10.15561/20755279.2024.0208
17. Tiwari AK, Sinha P, Prasad J, et al. Teaching introductory biomechanics course in low resource environment. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education. Published online August 11, 2024. doi: 10.1177/03064190241272568
18. Jiang D, Grainger DW, Weiss JA, et al. Integration of Febio as an Instructional Tool in the Undergraduate Biomechanics Curriculum. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 2024; 146(5). doi: 10.1115/1.4064990
19. Zhai Z, Han L, Zhang W. Using EEG technology to enhance performance measurement in physical education. Frontiers in Public Health. 2025; 13. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1551374
20. Su JH, Zhang S, Miao CL, et al. The peer effects and formation mechanism of improved sports performance: evidence form queue spatial experiments. Current Psychology; 2025. doi: 10.1007/s12144-025-07413-x
21. Wang X, Dai M, Short KM. One size doesn’t fit all: how different types of learning motivations influence engineering undergraduate students’ success outcomes. International Journal of STEM Education. 2024; 11(1). doi: 10.1186/s40594-024-00502-6
22. Goins TR, Green M, Eubanks B. Professional Identity Formation Through a Peer Learning, Integrated Clinical Experience. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 2024.
23. Phipps DJ, Hamilton K. Predicting Undergraduates’ willingness to engage in dangerous e-scooter use behaviors. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 2024; 103: 500-511. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2024.05.003
24. Mason-Mackay AR. Gender, Sex and Desk-Based Postural Behaviour: A systematic review re-interpreting biomechanical evidence from a social perspective. Applied Ergonomics. 2024; 114: 104073. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104073
25. Focaroli V, Chiaro M, Battaglia MV, et al. Educational Intervention on Awareness of Health-Damaging Behaviors in Educators. Sports. 2024; 12(12): 348. doi: 10.3390/sports12120348
26. Abbas MH, Elerian FA, Elsherbiny AA, et al. Influence of occlusal reduction design on the fracture resistance and biomechanical behavior of endocrowns restoring maxillary premolars. BMC Oral Health. 2024; 24(1). doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-03688-3
Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright on all articles published in this journal is retained by the author(s), while the author(s) grant the publisher as the original publisher to publish the article.
Articles published in this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which means they can be shared, adapted and distributed provided that the original published version is cited.